![]() The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.Īn organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means also known as a transgenic organism.Ī set of thousands of DNA segments from a genome, each carried by a plasmid, phage, or other cloning vector. The alternation of the genes of a person afflicted with a genetic disease. The production of multiple copies of a gene. The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel. The electricity creates temporary holes in the cells' plasma membranes, through which DNA can enter.Ī cloning vector that contains the requisite prokaryotic promoter just upstream of a restriction site where a eukaryotic gene can be inserted. These fragments, ideally representing all the genes of an organism, are tested for hybridization with various samples of cDNA molecules.Ī technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing cells. Tiny amounts of a large number of single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes are fixed to a glass slide. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature.Īn individual's unique collection of DNA restriction fragments, detected by electrophoresis and nucleic acid probes.Ī linking enzyme essential for DNA replication catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 39 end of a new DNA fragment to the 59 end of a growing chain.Ī method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time. For DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. A cDNA molecule therefore corresponds to a gene, but lacks the introns present in the DNA of the genome.įor proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. A plasmid that moves recombinant DNA from a test tube back into a cell is an example of a cloning vector, as is a virus that transfers recombinant DNA by infection.Ī DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The library includes only the genes that were transcribed in the cells examined.Ī DNA mapping technique that begins with a gene or other sequence that has already been cloned, mapped, and sequenced and "walks" along the chromosomal DNA from that locus, producing a map of overlapping restriction fragments.Īn agent used to transfer DNA in genetic engineering. The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products.Ī limited gene library using complementary DNA. An artificial version of a bacterial chromosome that can carry inserts of 100,000-500,000 base pairs.
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